Etymology

Born Frank Kent Smith in New York, New York, Smith made his acting debut on Broadway in 1932 in Men Must Fight and, after spending a few years there, moved to Hollywood, California, where he made his film debut in The Garden Murder Case.

His biggest successes occurred during the 1940s in films such as Cat People (1942), Hitler's Children (1943 film), This Land Is Mine (1943), Three Russian Girls (1943)

The safety pin is a variation of the regular pin which includes a simple spring mechanism and a clasp. The clasp serves two purposes: to form a closed loop thereby properly fastening the pin to whatever it is applied to, and to cover the end of the pin to protect the user from the sharp point.

Harriet Tubman (born Araminta Ross c. 1822 – March 10, 1913) was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and, during the American Civil War, a Union spy. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved family and friends, using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped abolitionist John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era was an active participant in the struggle for women's suffrage.

An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design and construction of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek (arkhi-, chief + tekton, builder), i.e., chief builder.

combat

commensurate

commodity

communicate

compromise

combine

combustion

comb

combatant

combination

compliment /ˈkɒmpləmənt /  noun

1.[countable] a remark that shows you admire someone or something

2.take something as a compliment to be pleased about what someone says about you, even though they may not mean to be nice

3.[singular] an action that shows you admire someone

4.fish for compliments to try to make someone say something nice about you

5.compliments [plural] praise or good wishes

6.with the compliments of somebody/with our compliments used by a person or company when they send or give something to you

7.the compliments of the season  used as a spoken or written greeting at Christmas and New Year

8.return the compliment to behave towards someone in the same way as they have behaved towards you

9.back-handed compliment , left-handed compliment something that someone says to you which is nice and not nice at the same time

compliment /ˈkɒmpləment/ verb [transitive] to say something nice to someone in order to praise them

good/bad

a lazy student with a bad attitude

positive/negative

A positive attitude is essential if you want to be successful.

Many teenagers have a very negative attitude towards cooking.

relaxed

On Bali, there is a healthier, more relaxed attitude to life.

favourable (=having a good opinion of something or someone)

Older people tend to have a favourable attitude to the police.

critical (=showing you disagree with or disapprove of someone or something) People’s attitude towards US foreign policy has become increasingly critical.

ambivalent (=not sure if you approve of something)

The public have a rather ambivalent attitude towards science.

cavalier (=very careless, especially about something serious or important)

his cavalier attitude to the truth

patronizing/condescending (=showing that you think you are more important or intelligent than someone)

complaints about patronising attitudes towards women

aggressive/hostile (=showing anger)

Their attitude suddenly became more aggressive.

public attitudes/people’s attitudes

Public attitudes have changed.

political attitudes

a survey of people’s political attitudes

mental attitude

There is a strong connection between health and mental attitude.

somebody’s whole attitude

His whole attitude seemed different.

the general attitude

His general attitude to our situation was unsympathetic.

have/take/adopt an attitude

Not everyone takes a positive attitude towards modern art.

somebody’s attitude changes

As you get older, your attitude changes.

an attitude exists

This attitude no longer exists in the church.

somebody’s attitude hardens (=they feel less sympathy and they want to be stricter or firmer)

People’s attitudes towards sex offenders have hardened.

an attitude of mind British English (=a way of thinking)

Being young is simply an attitude of mind.

somebody has an attitude problem (=someone is not helpful or pleasant to be with)

Some of the male students have a real attitude problem.

Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Church. The Roman Catholic Church considers him to be the first Pope, ordained by Jesus in the "Rock of My Church" dialogue in Matthew 16:18. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a major saint and associate him with founding the Church of Antioch and later the Church in Rome, but differ about the authority of his various successors in present-day Christianity.

Pope Francis is the 266th and current Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, a title he holds ex officio as Bishop of Rome, and Sovereign of the Vatican City. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Bergoglio worked briefly as a chemical technologist and nightclub bouncer before beginning seminary studies. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1969 and from 1973 to 1979 was Argentina's provincial superior of the Society of Jesus.

A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders founded since the twelfth or thirteenth century; the term distinguishes the mendicants' itinerant apostolic character, exercised broadly under the jurisdiction of a superior general, from the older monastic orders' allegiance to a single monastery formalized by their vow of stability. The most significant orders of friars are the Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians and Carmelites.

A hierarchy is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above," "below," or "at the same level as" one another.

Stephen Crane (November 1, 1871 – June 5, 1900) was an American poet, novelist, and short story writer. Prolific throughout his short life, he wrote notable works in the Realist tradition as well as early examples of American Naturalism and Impressionism. He is recognized by modern critics as one of the most innovative writers of his generation.

The ninth surviving child of Protestant Methodist parents, Crane began writing at the age of four and had published several articles by the age of 16. Having little interest in university studies, he left college in 1891 to work as a reporter and writer. Crane's first novel was the 1893 Bowery tale Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, generally considered by critics to be the first work of American literary Naturalism. He won international acclaim in 1895 for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage, which he wrote without having any battle experience.

sophomore /ˈsɒfəmɔr/ noun [countable]  a student who is in their second year of study at a college or high school → freshman, junior, senior

primary¹ /ˈpraɪməri /  adjective

1.[usually before noun] most important 

2.[only before noun] especially British English relating to the education of children between 5 and 11 years old

3.happening or developing before other things:

predecessor /ˈpriːdəsesər/  noun [countable] 

1.someone who had your job before you started doing it 

2.a machine, system etc that existed before another one in a process of development 

success /səkˈses/  noun [countable, uncountable]

1.when you achieve what you want or intend 

2.when a lot of people like something, buy something, go to see something etc 

3.when someone achieves a high position in their job, on a course, in a sport, in society etc

4.when a business makes a lot of money 

successful /səkˈsesfəl/ adjective

1.achieving what you wanted, or having the effect or result you intended

2.a successful business, film, product etc makes a lot of money

3.a successful person earns a lot of money or is very well known and respected

successive /səkˈsesɪv/  adjective [only before noun]

coming or following one after the other:

cardiovascular /ˌkadioʊˈvæskjələr/ adjective [usually before noun] 

 relating to the heart and blood vessels (=tubes through which blood flows around your body):

attach /əˈtætʃ/ verb

1.[transitive] to fasten or connect one object to another 

2. be attached to somebody/something to like someone or something very much, because you have known them or had them for a long time

3.attach importance/significance etc to something to believe that something is important

4.[intransitive, transitive] if blame attaches or is attached to someone, they are responsible for something bad that happens

5.[intransitive, transitive] if a quality, feeling, idea etc attaches or is attached to a person, thing, or event, it is connected with them

6. be attached to somethingto work for part of a particular organization, especially for a short period of time

7.[transitive] to connect a document or file to an email so that you can send them together 

8. attach yourself to somebody to join someone and spend a lot of time with them, often without being invited or welcome

9. attach a condition (to something) to allow something to happen, but only if someone agrees to do a particular thing or accept a particular idea

10. attach a label to somebody/something to think of or describe someone or something as being a particular thing, especially in a very general

way

associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/  verb 

1.[transitive] to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another

2.be associated (with somebody/something)to be related to a particular subject, activity etc

3.associate with somebody to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of

nuptial /ˈnʌpʃəl/ adjective [only before noun]

 relating to marriage or the marriage ceremony

postpartum /ˌpəʊstˈpɑːtəm/ adjective 

 relating to the time immediately after a woman has a baby

inflammatory /ɪnˈflæmətəri  / adjective

1.an inflammatory speech, piece of writing etc is likely to make people feel angry

2.an inflammatory disease or medical condition causes inflammation

hypodermic¹ /ˌhaɪpəˈdɜːmɪk/ noun [countable]

 an instrument with a very thin hollow needle used for putting drugs directly into the body through the skin

hypothesis /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs /  noun (plural hypotheses /-siːz/) 

1.[countable] an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true

2.[uncountable] ideas or guesses, rather than facts 

impeach /ɪmˈpiːtʃ/ verb [transitive]

if a government official is impeached, they are formally charged with a serious crime in a special government court

memorandum /ˌmeməˈrændəm/ noun (plural memoranda /-də/ or memorandums) [countable] 

1.formal a memo

2.law a short legal document that contains the important details of an agreement

conceive /kənˈsiːv/  verb

1.[intransitive, transitive] to imagine a particular situation or to think about something in a particular way

2.[transitive] to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind 

perceive /pəˈsiːv / verb [transitive] 

1  to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way 

2  to notice, see, or recognize something 

receive /rɪˈsiːv/  verb [transitive]

1. to be given something 

2. to get a letter, message, or telephone call, or something which someone has sent you

3. if you receive a particular type of medical treatment, it is done to you

4. to react in a particular way to a suggestion, idea, performance

5. to be the person who is affected by someone else’s actions, usually in an unpleasant way

6. to be injured or hit

7. to officially accept someone as a guest or member of a group

8. if a radio or television receives radio waves or other signals, it makes them become sounds or pictures

make/give a pledge

Several European countries made similar pledges.

renege on a pledge

The government reneged on its electoral pledges.

fulfil/honor a pledge

The time is coming when they will have to honor that pledge.

keep a pledge

He has not kept his election pledges.

take a pledge literary

He took a pledge never to drink again.

fragile

fragment

fracas

fractal

fraction

fractional

fracture

frag

fragmentary

fragmentation

The New Testament is the second major part of the Christian biblical canon, the first part being the Old Testament, based on the Hebrew Bible. The Greek New Testament discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christianity. Christians regard both the Old and New Testaments together as sacred scripture. The New Testament (in whole or in part) has frequently accompanied the spread of Christianity around the world.

Canonical gospels, the four Christian gospels included in the New Testament

Four Gospels of Ivan Alexander, a 14th-century illuminated manuscript prepared and illustrated during the rule of Tsar Ivan Alexander

Vani Four Gospels, a 12th to 14th-century illuminated manuscript of the gospels in the Georgian Nuskhuri script

The Four Gospels, the first book printed in Belgrade, by Trojan in 1552

The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins, a 1924 book of biblical scholarship by Burnett Hillman Streeter

O Captain! My Captain!

BY WALT WHITMAN

O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,

The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,

The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,

While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;

But O heart! heart! heart!

O the bleeding drops of red,

Where on the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,

For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding,

For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;

Here Captain! dear father!

This arm beneath your head!

It is some dream that on the deck,

You’ve fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,

My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,

The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,

From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;

Exult O shores, and ring O bells!

But I with mournful tread,

Walk the deck my Captain lies,

Fallen cold and dead.

combat

commensurate

commodity

communicate

compromise

combine

combustion

comb

combatant

combination

Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence. A true nihilist would believe in nothing, have no loyalties, and no purpose other than, perhaps, an impulse to destroy.

chapter 21

decorum(n)

facilitate(v)

espouse(v)

orthodox(a)

exhilaration(n)

rejuvenate(v)

exorbitant(a)

synchronize(v)

extricate(v)

tenuous(a)

chapter 22

assimilate(v)

indolent(a)

belligerent(a)

inherent(a)

demeanor(n)

nonchalant(a)

denunciation(n)

unassuming(a)

dissipate(v)

unilateral(a)

"No Man is an Island" means that man is a social being that cannot exist without his fellows. No one is self-sufficient and everyone relies on another for survival.

decorum /dɪˈkɔːrəm/ noun [uncountable] behaviour that shows respect and is correct for a particular situation, especially a formal occasion

espouse /ɪˈspaʊz/ verb [transitive] to support an idea, belief etc, especially a political one

exhilaration /ɪɡˌzɪləˈreɪʃən/ noun [uncountable] a feeling of being happy, excited, and full of energy

exorbitant /ɪɡˈzɔːbətənt/an exorbitant price, amount of money etc is much higher than it should be

extricate /ˈekstrɪkeɪt/ verb [transitive]

1.to escape from a difficult or embarrassing situation, or to help someone escape

2.to remove someone from a place in which they are trapped

facilitate /fəˈsɪlɪteɪt/  verb [transitive] to make it easier for a process or activity to happen

orthodox /ˈɔːθədɒks / adjective 

1.orthodox ideas, methods, or behaviour are accepted by most people to be correct and right

2.someone who is orthodox has the opinions and beliefs that are generally accepted as being right, and does not have new or different ideas

3.believing in all the traditional beliefs, laws, and practices of a religion

rejuvenate /rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt/ verb [transitive]

1.to make something work much better or become much better again

2.to make someone look or feel young and strong again

synchronize (also synchronise ) /ˈsɪŋkrənaɪz/ verb

1.[intransitive, transitive] to happen at exactly the same time, or to arrange for two or more actions to happen at exactly the same time

2.synchronize your watches to make two or more watches show exactly the same time

tenuous /ˈtenjuəs/ adjective

1.a situation or relationship that is tenuous is uncertain, weak, or likely to change

2. very thin and easily broken

chide /tʃaɪd/ verb [intransitive, transitive]  to tell someone that you do not approve of something that they have done or said

coalition /ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃən / noun

1.[countable] a union of two or more political parties that allows them to form a government or fight an election together

2.[countable] a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one

commensurate /kəˈmenʃərət/ adjective matching something in size, quality, or length of time

connotation /ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃən /  noun [countable] a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning → denotationconnotation of

dilapidated /dɪˈlæpɪdeɪtɪd/ adjective a dilapidated building, vehicle etc is old and in very bad condition 

→ derelict—dilapidation /dəˌlæpəˈdeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

panacea /ˌpænəˈsɪə/ noun [countable]  something that people think will make everything better and solve all their problems 

SYN  cure-all → solutionpanacea for

integral /ˈɪntəɡrəl/  adjective 

1. 1.       forming a necessary part of something

2.[usually before noun] British English provided as part of something, rather than being separate

noxious /ˈnɒkʃəs / adjective

harmful or poisonous SYN  toxic → innocuous:

scenario /sənærioʊ,-/ noun (plural scenarios) [countable]

1.a situation that could possibly happen

2. technical a written description of the characters, place, and things that will happen in a film, play etc

yen /jen/ noun 

1.[countable] (plural yen) the standard unit of money in Japan: symbol ¥

2.the yen the value of Japanese money in relation to the money of other countries

atrophy /ˈætrəfi/ verb  [intransitive, transitive] if a part of the body atrophies or is atrophied, it becomes weak because of lack of use or lack of blood.

—atrophy noun [uncountable]

deplore /dɪˈplɔr/ verb [transitive] to disapprove of something very strongly and criticize it severely, especially publicly

deprivation /ˌdeprəˈveɪʃən/noun [countable usually plural, uncountable] the lack of something that you need in order to be healthy, comfortable, or happy

exacerbate /ɪɡˈzæsəbeɪt/ verb [transitive]  to make a bad situation worse

—exacerbation /ɪɡˌzæsəˈbeɪʃən/ noun [uncountable]

imperative¹ /ɪmˈperətɪv/ adjective 

1.extremely important and needing to be done or dealt with immediately

2. an imperative verb is one that expresses an order, such as ‘stand up’

—imperatively adverb

mitigate /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/ verb [transitive]  to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious 

objective¹ /əbˈdʒektɪv/ noun [countable] 

1.something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or politics

2.a place that you are trying to reach, especially in a military attack

unprecedented /ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd/ adjective never having happened before, or never having happened so much

utilitarian /juːˌtɪləˈteəriən/ adjective

1. intended to be useful and practical rather than attractive or comfortable

polygamy

polygon

polyglot

polygamous

polygraph

polymath

polymer

polynomial

polygonal

polyester

a Republican/Democratic/Labour etc candidate

· This part of Florida usually supports Republican candidates.

a presidential candidate

· What is the system for selecting presidential candidates?

a parliamentary candidate

· O'Connor was the parliamentary candidate for the Liberal Democrats.

a possible/potential candidate (=someone who you might give a job or position to)

· There were two women who were possible candidates.

a prospective candidate (=someone who might apply for a job or position)

· Prospective candidates must be educated to degree level.

the successful candidate (=the one who gets the job or position)

· The successful candidate will be innovative and self-motivated.

stand as a candidate for something (=compete for a position in an election)

· Lee stated that he did not intend to stand as a candidate in the presidential elections.

put somebody/something forward as a candidate (=suggest someone for election)

· He allowed his name to be put forward as a candidate for governor.

nominate/put up a candidate (=put forward a candidate)

· Any member may nominate a candidate.

field a candidate (=have one of your party's members competing for election)

· The Green Party decided not to field a candidate in Darlington.

select/choose a candidate

· Taylor was selected as Tory candidate.

endorse a candidate (=officially support a candidate)

· The White House declined to endorse the Republican candidate.

enormous

exclude

emit

exit

exacerbate

exile

exfoliate

exhaust

exhibit

exhibitor

magnificat

magnification

magnificently

magnificence

magnitude

magnolia

magnum

magpie

magnum opus

magneto

The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is an 1850 work of fiction in a historical setting, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and is considered to be his best work.[1] Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter through an affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the book, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.

morgue

moral

morale

moralist

moralistic

morality

moralize

morally

moreish

mormon

dialogue

diameter

dialysis

diamond

diabolic

diabolical

diabolically

dialect

dialectic

dialectical

metabolic

metabolize

metadata

metamorphic

metamorphose

metamorphosis

metaphor

metaphoric

metaphysics

metaphysical

protest

protagonist

provocative

project

provide

protrude

promote

property

probate

probation

actilnoneuritis

adenitis

adrenalitis

allergyrhinitis

angioitis

angiopancreatitis

appendicitis

arachnitis

arachnoiditis

arachnitis

hemoglobin

hemophilia

hemophiliac

hemorrhage

hemorrhoids

urinal

urinary

urination

urine

uric

offend

1.[intransitive, transitive] to make someone angry or upset by doing or saying something that they think is rude, unkind etc

2.[transitive] to seem bad or unacceptable to someone

3.[intransitive] to commit a crime or crimes

4.[intransitive, transitive]  to be against people’s feelings of what is morally acceptable

defend

1.[intransitive, transitive] to do something in order to protect someone or something from being attacked

2.[transitive] to use arguments to protect something or someone from criticism, or to prove that something is right 

3[transitive] to do something in order to stop something from being taken away or in order to make it possible for something to continue

4.[intransitive, transitive] to protect your own team’s end of the field in a game such as football, in order to prevent your opponents from getting points

5.[transitive] to take part in a competition that you won the last time it was held, and try to win it again

6.[intransitive, transitive] to be a lawyer for someone who has been charged with a crime 

mock formal to laugh at and say unkind things about a person, institution, belief etc, to show that you do not have a high opinion of them. 

Mock is a formal word – in everyday English people usually say make fun of:

· The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.

· She was mocked by other pupils in her class.

· You shouldn’t mock the afflicted! (=you should not make fun of people who cannot help having problems – used especially ironically, when really you think it is funny too)

make fun of somebody/something to make someone or something seem stupid by making unkind jokes about them:

· Peter didn’t seem to realize that they were making fun of him.

· It used to be fashionable to make fun of the European Parliament.

laugh at somebody/something to make unkind or funny remarks about someone or something, because they seem stupid or strange:

· I don’t want the other kids to laugh at me.

· People would laugh at the idea nowadays.

poke fun at somebody/something to make someone or something seem silly by making jokes about them, especially in a way that is funny but not really cruel:

· a TV series that regularly poked fun at the government· He’s in no position to

poke fun at other people’s use of English!

ridicule formal to make unkind remarks that make someone or something seem stupid:

· Catesby ridiculed his suggestion.· His ideas were widely ridiculed at the time.

· Scientists ridiculed him for doubting the existence of the greenhouse effect.

deride formal to make remarks that show you think that something is stupid or useless – often used when you think that the people who do this are wrong:

· Some forms of alternative medicine – much derided by doctors – have been shown to help patients.

· the system that Marxists previously derided as ‘bourgeois democracy’

armed rebellion

· This injustice has produced armed rebellion.

open rebellion 

· Algiers was in open rebellion.

a military rebellion/an army rebellion

· Marlborough considered leading a military rebellion against the new king.

a rebellion breaks out 

· While he was away, a rebellion broke out in Aquitaine.

people rise in rebellion 

· The peasants rose in rebellion.

lead a rebellion

· He led a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great.

suppress/crush/put down a rebellion 

· Troops moved in to suppress the rebellion.

stage a rebellion 

· Farmers who opposed the tax staged a rebellion that forced Washington to back down.

Apollo is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.

Daphne is a minor figure in Greek mythology known as a naiad—a type of female nymph associated with fountains, wells, springs, streams, brooks and other bodies of freshwater. There are several versions of the myth, but the general narrative is that because of her beauty, Daphne attracted the attention and ardor of the god Apollo (Phoebus). Apollo pursued her and just before being overtaken, Daphne pleaded to her father, the rivergod Ladon, and Ge (Gaia) for help.

The Metamorphoses is a Latin narrative poem by the Roman poet Ovid, considered his magnum opus. Comprising fifteen books and over 250 myths, the poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework.

"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" is a metaphysical poem by John Donne. Written in 1611 or 1612 for his wife Anne before he left on a trip to Continental Europe, "A Valediction" is a 36-line love poem that was first published in the 1633 collection Songs and Sonnets, two years after Donne's death. Based on the theme of two lovers about to part for an extended time, the poem is notable for its use of conceits and ingenious analogies to describe the couple's relationship; critics have thematically linked it to several of his other works, including "A Valediction: of my Name, in the Window", Meditation III from the Holy Sonnets and "A Valediction: of Weeping".Donne's use of a drafting compass as an analogy for the couple—two points, inextricably linked—has been both praised as an example of his "virtuoso display of similitude", and also criticised as an illustration of the excesses of metaphysical poetry; despite detractors, it remains "the best known sustained conceit" in English poetry. As well as citing this most famous example, literary critics point to Donne's use of subtlety and precise wording in "A Valediction", particularly around the alchemical theme that pervades the text.

VERBS

cause/create/bring chaos

Snow has caused chaos on the roads this morning.

end in chaos

The game ended in chaos with thunder and heavy rain.

be thrown/plunged into chaos

A serious accident has thrown the roads into chaos.

descend/slip into chaos (=gradually become completely confused and disorganized)

After the invasion, the country lapsed into chaos.

be on the brink of chaos (=to be about to become completely confused and disorganized)

The peace talks were on the brink of chaos.

chaos ensues (=it happens as a result of something)

A decade of civil war and chaos ensued.

chaos reigns (=it happens)

Everyone was trying to talk at once and for a while chaos reigned.

ADJECTIVES/NOUN + chaos

total/complete chaos

When we arrived, there was total chaos.

utter chaos (=total chaos)

After the party, the whole house was in utter chaos.

economic/political/social etc chaos

Afterwards there was widespread famine and economic chaos.

traffic chaos (=when there are a lot of vehicles on the roads and they cannot move)

The first day of the school holidays brought traffic chaos to the roads.

PHRASES

a state of chaos

Nick's bedroom is permanently in a state of chaos.

a scene of chaos

I came home to a scene of chaos, with food and empty bottles everywhere.

chaos and confusion

Heavy flooding has created chaos and confusion throughout the country.

Student council (aka, student government group, student union or student body) is a curricular or extracurricular activity for students within elementary and secondary schools around the world. Present in most public and private K-12 school systems across the United States, Canada, Australia and Asia. These bodies are alternatively entitled student council, student government, Associated Student Body, Student Activity Council, Student Council Association or S.C.A. Student councils often serve to engage students in learning about democracy and leadership, as originally espoused by John Dewey in Democracy and Education

Dress codes are written and, more often, unwritten rules with regard to clothing. Clothing like other aspects of human physical appearance has a social significance, with different rules and expectations being valid depending on circumstance and occasion. Even within a single day an individual may need to navigate between two or more dress codes, at a minimum these are those that apply at their place of work and those at home, usually this ability is a result of cultural acclimatization. Different societies and cultures will have different dress norms although Western styles are commonly accepted as valid.

In the United States, and increasingly in the United Kingdom and Canada, prom (short for promenade) is a formal (black tie) dance or gathering of high school students. This event is typically held near the end of the senior year (i.e., the last year of high school). Proms figure greatly in popular culture and is a major event among high school students. High school juniors attending the prom may call it "junior prom" while high-school seniors may call it "senior prom" or "senior ball". In practice, this event may be a combined junior/senior dance.

bureaucratic

bureaucracy

democracy

democratic

demonstration

unicorn

unify

union

unilateral

unicycle

uniformity

unicellular

unification

unified

unilaterally

include

exclude

conclude

seclude

recluse

seclusion

exclusion

conclusion

close

enclose

closure

closed-minded

conservative

preservative

alternative

representative

tentative

cognitive

primitive

adjective

paraben

parachute

parable

parabola

paradise

paradigm

paradigmatic

parabolic

parallel

paradox

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

Blue Bird

After a wealthy king loses his dear wife, he meets and falls in love with a woman, who is also recently widowed and they marry. The king has a daughter named Florine and the queen also has a daughter named Truitonne. While Florine is beautiful and kind-hearted, Truitonne is spoiled, selfish and ugly and it is not too long before she and her mother become jealous of Florine's beauty.

One day, the king decides the time has come to arrange his daughters' marriages and soon, Prince Charming visits the kingdom. The queen is determined for him to marry Truitonne, so she dresses her daughter in all her finery for the reception and bribes Florine's ladies-in-waiting to steal all her dresses and jewels. But her plan backfires for when the Prince claps eyes on Florine, he falls in love with her at once and pays attention only to her. The queen and Truitonne are so furious that they badger the king until he agrees to lock Florine up for the length of the visit and they attempt to blacken her character to the Prince.

The queen sends Prince Charming many gifts, but when he hears they are from Truitonne, he rejects them. The queen angrily tells him that Florine will be locked in a tower until he leaves. Prince Charming is outraged and begs to speak with Florine for a moment. The devious queen agrees, but secretly arranges for Truitonne to meet the Prince instead. In the darkness of their meeting place, Prince Charming mistakes Truitonne for Florine and unwittingly asks for the princess's hand in marriage.

Truitonne conspires with her fairy godmother, Mazilla, but Mazilla tells her it will be difficult to deceive the Prince. At the wedding ceremony, Truitonne produces the Prince's ring and pleads her case. When Prince Charming realises he has been tricked, he refuses to marry her and nothing that Truitonne or Mazilla do can persuade him. At last, Mazilla threatens to curse him for breaking his promise and when Prince Charming will still not agree, Mazilla transforms him into a blue bird.

scarecrow

an object in the shape of a person that a

farmer puts in a field to frighten birds away

utopia

dystopia

an imaginary perfect world where everyone is happy

an imaginary place where life is extremely difficult and a lot of unfair or immoral things happen

United States Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Continental Congress meeting at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was unanimously approved on July 2. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term "Declaration of Independence" is not used in the document itself.

Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. The national birthday, Independence Day, is celebrated on July 4, although Adams wanted July 2.

paraben

parachute

parable

parabola

paradise

paradigm

paradigmatic

parabolic

parallel

paradox

primary

prime

primitive

primate

primer

primly

primp

primrose

primula

primus

pseudonym

astronomy

astrology

Aries

Taurus

Gemini

Cancer

Leo

Virgo

Libra

Scorpio

Sagittarius

Capricorn

Aquarius

Pisces

meseum

auditorium

aquarium

millenum

coliseum

stadium

equilibrium

adore

advocate

admit

inquisitively

inquisitive

inquire

require

quibble

inquisitor

inquisitorial

inquisitor

tenant

tentative

tenant

tenacious

tenacity

tenancy

tend

tendency

tendentious

tenderize

tempo

temporal

temporary

contemporary

temporary

affectionate

activate

regulate

venerate

illuminate

appreciate

depreciate

desperate

formulate

escalate

ambidextrous

ambiguous

ambiguity

ambience

ambient

prolific

proliferation

protagonist

proponent

project

probity

probation

problematize

probing

probate

impeccable

impress

imbecilic

imbibe

imbed

imbroglio

imbue

imitate

image

immaculate

spectator

perspective

inspect

speculate

respect

retrospect

aspect

retrospective

retrospectively

spectacle

pretest

comprehensive

comprehensively

precarious

preview

precast

precede

precious

precise

predator

Collocation:Rival

ADJECTIVES

somebody's main/chief rival

somebody's nearest/closest rival

a great rival (=an important rival for a long time)

somebody's arch-rival (=their main or strongest rival)

a serious rival

an old rival

a potential rival (=one who is likely to be a rival in the future)

a bitter rival (=one that hates you)

a political rival

a presidential rival

rival + NOUN

rival factions/groups

a rival team

a rival gang

rival fans/supporters

a rival company/firm

Collocation-illegal

ADVERBS

completely/totally illegal

highly illegal (=completely illegal)

strictly illegal formal (=completely illegal – used for emphasis)

technically illegal (=according to the exact details of a law)

VERBS

be illegal

become illegal

make something illegal

declare something illegal

illegal + NOUN

an illegal weapon

illegal drugs

an illegal substance (=an illegal drug)

illegal parking/gambling/hunting

illegal immigrants

illegal activities

an illegal act

illegal use of something

illicit

illicit activities or goods are illegal and usually kept secret

illegitimate

not allowed or acceptable according to rules or agreements

unconstitutional

not allowed by a country’s constitution (=set of rules and principles by which a country is governed)

Sympathy

Synchronize

Synaesthesia

Synapse

Synchronicity

Symbol

Symbolic

Symmetry

Symphony

Symposium

arthritis

sinusitis

gastritis

brouchitis

televisionitis

bicycle

bilingual

bisexual

matricide

patricide

suicide

homicide

genocide

A femme fatale is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations

Salome was the daughter of Herod II and Herodias. According to Flavius Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, Salome was first married to Philip the Tetrarch of Ituraea and Trakonitis, and is derived from the root word

Curriculum Vitae

In the United Kingdom, most Commonwealth countries, and Republic of Ireland, a CV is short (usually a maximum of two sides of A4 paper), and therefore contains only a summary of the job seeker's employment history, qualifications, education, and some personal information.

A resumé is a document used by persons to present their backgrounds and skills. A typical résumé contains a summary of relevant job experience and education. The résumé is usually one of the first items, along with a cover letter and sometimes an application for employment, which a potential employer sees regarding the job seeker and is typically used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview.

estrange

eject

evoke

eliminate

exclude

exchange

excite

exclusive

excrete

exculpate

euphemism

euphemistic

euphemistically

euphoria

euphorically

ubiquity

ubiquitously

ubiquitous

Generation

Photogenic

Generator

relinquish /rɪˈlɪŋkwɪʃ/ verb [transitive] 

formal to let someone else have your position, power, or rights, especially unwillingly